Early life stress and the anxious brain: evidence for a neural mechanism linking childhood emotional maltreatment to anxiety in adulthood. Fonzo GA, Ramsawh HJ, Flagan TM, Simmons AN, Sullivan SG, Allard CB, et al. Female sex, low socioeconomic status, and exposure to childhood adversity are considered as risk factors for the disease. Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU. Mental disorders associated with benzodiazepine use among older primary care attenders-a regional survey. Balestrieri M, Marcon G, Samani F, Marini M, Sessa E, Gelatti U, et al. The prevalence of GAD, which typically begins in young adulthood, is about 2% in the adult population the lifetime prevalence of GAD is around 4.7%. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). İn particular, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a severe chronic illness characterized by symptoms including persistent and uncontrollable worry about everyday life matters and social competence, as well as autonomic hyperarousal and tension. Generalized anxiety disorder magnetic resonance imaging functional MRI diffusion tensor imaging resting-stateĪnxiety disorders share common features, including excessive and irrational fear and avoidance of anxiety triggers. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies with larger samples of both juvenile and adult GAD patients, as well as at risk individuals and unaffected relatives, should be carried out in order to shed light on the specific biological signature of GAD. Finally, different methodological aspects, such as the type of imaging equipment used, also complicate the generalizability of the findings. However, the literature is often tentative, given that most studies have employed small samples and included patients with comorbidities or in current use of various medications. The available studies have shown impairments in ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, posterior parietal regions, and amygdala in both pediatric and adult GAD patients, mostly in the right hemisphere. Methods:Ī systematic literature review was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, aiming to identify original research evaluating GAD patients with the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging as well as diffusion tensor imaging. The present study reviews the available functional and structural brain imaging evidence on GAD, and suggests further strategies for investigations in this field. Brain imaging studies carried out in patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have contributed to better characterize the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disorder.
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